What types of materials in furniture can emit VOCs?

Upholstered furniture coverings and foam are significant sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in indoor environments. These materials often contain adhesives, synthetic fibers, and chemical treatments that can off-gas VOCs into the air. For example, many types of foam used in cushions and mattresses may release substances like toluene, formaldehyde, and other VOCs over time, especially in warm conditions or when the materials are new.

In contrast, metal frames and wooden legs generally have fewer emissions of VOCs compared to upholstery materials, as treated or solid wood can sometimes emit compounds depending on the finishes used, but typically at lesser amounts. Glass and ceramic components are not linked with VOC emissions, as they are inert materials. Lastly, while plastic parts and electrical components can contain some chemicals, the level and type of VOC emissions usually associated with upholstered furniture tend to be more prevalent and impactful for indoor air quality.